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THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 11:=
Authorship
1. The author is the person
responsible for the name,
even if the name is first u=
sed in
another publication.
2. If no author is explicitly s=
tated
then it is anonymous--
old proceedings of Biologic=
al
Society of London.
3. Unlike botanical nomenclature,
authorship does not change
with taxonomic status. Ex Michx. (L.)
4. A authors citation after a
scientific name should be “open”
unless it has been moved to =
a new
genus (then in prens).
5. If you want to follow botanic=
al
style then use the
recombines name after the pr=
ens
containing the original
authors name.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 12:=
Homonomy
1. Two or more distinct taxa mu=
st
have different scientific
names--if not then the resul=
t is a
Homonym
2. Rule of priority applies to
selecting which homonym
should be used.
3. The following cases are not
homonyms: unavailable
<=
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de0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
e0014.htm",1,-1,1));
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1
if (End < Start)
return href.substring(0, Start)
else
return href.substring(0, End)
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ToggleOtlPane()
{
frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTHorizAdjust")
frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTOtl")
if( gOtlOpen )
frmset.cols=3D"*,100%"
else
frmset.cols=3D"25%,*"
gOtlOpen=3D!gOtlOpen
frm.noResize=3D!frm.noResize
UpdOtNavPane()
}
function ToggleNtsPane()
{
frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTVertAdjust")
frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTNts")
if( gNtsOpen )
frmset.rows=3D"100%,*"
else
frmset.rows=3D"*,20%"
gNtsOpen=3D!gNtsOpen
UpdNtsPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}
function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }
function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }
function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }
function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }
function BtnOnUp()
{
b=3DGetBtnObj()
if( b !=3D null )
b.Perform()
else
Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }
function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }
function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }
function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
s.display=3D"none"
if( fVal )
s.display=3D""
else
s.display=3D"none"
}
function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }
function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsElem",parent.ToggleNtsPan=
e,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","nb_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToP=
revSld )
gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","nb_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToN=
extSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.=
ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlTxt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent=
.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].m_flagId=3D "notes_flag"
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr=
row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval"
function ShowMenu()
{
BuildMenu();
var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
=3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight
m.style.display=3D""
}
function _CM()
{
if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
ShowMenu()
return false
} else
HideMenu()
}
function BuildMenu()
{
if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return
var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
var s=3DmObj.style
s.position=3D"absolute"
s.cursor=3D"default"
s.width=3D"120px"
SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")
var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
iObj.style.padding=3D2
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
CreateSeparator( iObj )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}
function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }
function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }
function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }
function Perform()
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
e.Action()
else
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
e.style.color=3Dclr
}
}
function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }
function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }
function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { history.back(); PPTSld.event.ca=
ncelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }
function M_True() { return true }
function M_End() { window.close( self ) }
function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
var e=3DCreateItem( node )
e.type=3D"menuitem"
e.Action=3Daction
e.IsActive=3Deval
e.innerHTML=3Dtext
if( !e.IsActive() )
e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"
e.onclick=3DPerform
e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
s=3De.style;
s.fontFamily=3DsFont
s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
s.paddingLeft=3D2
}
function CreateSeparator( node )
{
var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
var s=3DsObj.style
s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
s.height=3D1
s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}
function CreateItem( node )
{
var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
node.insertBefore( elem )
return elem
}
function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
{
var s=3Do.style
s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
s.borderWidth=3D1
s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_01C37623.2E947500
Content-Location: file:///C:/CD239D69/TheCodeII_files/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
No Slide Title
------=_NextPart_01C37623.2E947500--
names, misspellings,
nonanimals
4. Family and genus-group names=
are
homonyms if they are
spelled EXACTLY alike
------=_NextPart_01C37623.2E947500
Content-Location: file:///C:/CD239D69/TheCodeII_files/slide0003.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
5. A species-group name is only
homonymous if they are
members of the same genus.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Also at the species level
you must consider
Latinization.
6. If two species are homonymou=
s in
different subgenera of
the same genus, they are sti=
ll
homonyms.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 13:=
The Type Concept in Nomenclature
1. All names are follow their n=
ame
bearing type.
a. for a species this is a type specimen
b. for a genus this is a type species
c. for a family this is a type genus.
2. The goal is to provide stabil=
ity
and an objective
standard of reference.
<=
/div>
------=_NextPart_01C37623.2E947500
Content-Location: file:///C:/CD239D69/TheCodeII_files/slide0004.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
3. If you use a subgenus as a ty=
pe for
a new family name,
then it is automatically rai=
sed to
the status of genus.
The same principle applies =
at the
genus level.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 14:=
Types in the Family Group
1. The application of the type
standard applies to all
family-group names.
2. The name bearing type of a
family-group is a type genus
3. An author erecting a new
family-group may choose any of
the included genera, and is =
not
limited to the oldest named
genus.
4. You must explicitly identify =
the
type genus.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 15:=
Types in the Genus Group
1. The application of the type
standard applies to all
genus-group names.
2. The name bearing type of a
genus-group is a type species
3. An author erecting a new
genus-group may choose any of
the included genera, and is =
not
limited to the oldest named
genus.
4. You must explicitly identify=
the
type genus--do not use
the older phrase genotype.&=
#13;
5. If you must refer to the type
species of the type genus the
order of fixation is: Original Designation, Monotypy,&#=
13;
Tautonomy, Linnean Tautonom=
y
6. A species is available for
fixation as the type species even
if it is already the type s=
pecies
for another type.
7. Consider the availability of
specimens when designating a
type species.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 16:=
Types in the Species Group
1. The application of the type
standard applies to all
species-group names.
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2. The name bearing type of a
species-group is a type specimen
a. Type series
b. Holotype
c. Syntype
d. Lectotype
e. Neotype
3. From 1999 onwards authors mu=
st
designate either a
holotype or a syntypes.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 16:=
Types in the Species Group
4. Types are those expressively
designated by author or
mentioned, unless excluded.=
5. The following can be eligibl=
e to
be name-bearing types
a. An animal, part of it, or its work (pre 1931)
<=
/div>
b. A colony that exist as such in nature
c. fossils (casts, replacement, impression, or mould
=
;
of items mentioned above)&#=
13;
6. For protistans preparation(s=
) of
directly related individuals
representing the different =
life
stages.
7. Type slide with name bearing =
type
marked
8. A specimen can be a type of =
more
than one name.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 16:=
Types in the Species Group
9. Holotypes are the single spe=
cimen
upon which a name
is based.
10. Syntypes are specimens of th=
e type
series that collectively
serve as name bearing types=
11. Lectotypes are a single memb=
er of
a syntype that is
subsequently designated as =
the
type. The rest are now
<=
/div>
called paralectotypes and ha=
ve no
name-bearing status.
12. Hapanotype: A series of preparations of indiv=
iduals
that
illustrate the life history.
13. If a hapanotype is found to
contain multiple species, then
only those individuals that =
were
misidentified are excluded
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 16:=
Types in the Species Group
14. Post 1999 the designation of=
a
lectotype must
be explicit, informative, a=
nd
state the reason for
the fixation.
15. Neotypes are designated when=
the
holotype, lectotype,
or syntype have been
lost/destroyed, and there is a
pressing need for taxonomic
clarification.
16. The commission may set aside=
a
holotype and designate
a neotype in the interests =
of
stability.
17. Neotypes should (if possible=
) be
paralectotypes, members of
the type series, or topotyp=
es.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 17:=
The International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature
1. The International Commission=
is a
permanent body
that derives all its power =
and
constitution from the
International Congress of Z=
oology
and their delegated
successors
2. In 1972 the Congress delegat=
ed it
s authority to
the International Union of
Biological Sciences
3. Any subsequent move of the
authority happens only
with the approval of the
Commission
4. Any vote by the Commission m=
ust
occur as a 2/3
majority by mailed secret
ballot.
5. The Commission may set aside=
any
part of the Code using
Plenary Powers, but must pu=
blish
these findings
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 17:=
The International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature
6. The commission can only amend the code to make it
more clear, but makes not m=
ajor
changes
7. The commission can accept pa=
rts of
a “List of available
names in Zoology” (The=
plant
and bacteria folks have these
already).
8. The list is then available f=
or
comment, voted on, and if enacted
becomes the primary referen=
ce for
the discipline.
9. The use of Plenary Powers ex=
ists
purely to promote stability
and universality.
THE CODE:
MAIN POINTS
CHAPTER 18:=
Regulations Governing the Code
1. The current code is in effec=
t from
1 Jan 2000
2. The code only allows names
developed after 1757.
3. Terminology is to be that de=
fined
in the Glossary.
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